Category: Op-Ed

Int’l Education Day: Advancing Global AI Literacy, A Call for Pakistan to Catch Up

Tayyaba Munir

Is it fair enough if in an examination, an elephant, a monkey, a dolphin and a cat are asked to climb a tree to pass? Obviously not! However the current education system where memorization is the sole focus instead of learning endorses the above scenario to be fair.

On the occasion of International Day of Education, the world is celebrating it with the theme of ‘AI and Education: Human Agency in an Automated World’. This celebration under the said theme is an embodiment of the fact that AI literacy is what can not only enhance the quality of education but also prevent the drowning of human agency in a world which is automated.

Currently, it can be witnessed how majority of the global population is clueless of the ways in which AI should be used and continues to use it without proper knowledge which is more or less similar to driving a powerful car without knowing where the brakes are. As a result a common belief came to surface that ‘using AI is unethical’. This is what happens when there is a lack of literacy on a particular topic and which leads to harmful consequences.

When specifically talking about AI in education, it gives rise to such a situation where AI becomes a challenge for human agency especially in a world which is automated and digitalized thus making AI literacy much more important. AI integration in education will prove to be productive when the relevant stakeholders especially the students and teachers are also AI literate. Generative AI in education will enable the educators to obtain automated grading and will generate customized feedback. However, this is not the only benefit as the main positive aspect is its ability to tailor learning material and activities according to individual needs of the students.

AI can identify the pace and learning behavior of a student and then provide assignments and other tasks accordingly instead of bombarding the same standardized task for all irrespective of their tendency to learn. Most importantly, AI in education can prove to be a game changer for students with special needs and learning disorders. AI integrated education will have the ability to cater to needs of a diverse student cohort and will thus help in achieving quality education for all.

Many countries in the world are working to incorporate AI in their curriculum which is enough of an evidence to motivate countries who consider it unimportant or impossible. Singapore’s Smart Nation strategy envisions becoming a global leader in AI by 2030 with one of its goal to educate the teachers and students for using AI in a productive manner. The country aims to tailor education material and activities according to the individual needs and abilities of the students by integrating AI in classroom. By using automated grading systems and providing an AI-enabled companion to students, Singapore believes that it will be able to identify how each student responds to classroom material and activities thus enhancing the quality of overall education.

A positive aspect is that Singapore recognizes the dual role of AI as a tool and a challenge, therefore launching a national initiative to develop AI literacy through training among students and teachers of all levels by 2026. China and India are also expanding AI integration in their academic activities. For example Chinese government have invested in adaptive tutoring platforms such as Squirrel AI which help in improving the performance of students by using AI algorithm for tutoring students according especially for the standardized tests. Embibe, an Indian Ed-Tech company is using AI to help students solve and understand complex mathematical problems and scientific concepts by using 3-D imagery which allows visualization. With a strong national commitment Finland have also integrated AI by providing free online courses to its citizens. ViLLE is used as complementary resource to school books by majority of the Finnish schools where immediate feedback on student assignment is provided thus paving the path for AI literacy for teachers and students in the country.

South Korea aims to incorporate AI in their national curricula where KERIS is rapidly working on digitalization of education. The Future of Education Center of the Korean Ministry of Education also allow the visitors to experience the model classrooms enriched with advanced technology. The Korean Minister of Education is very visionary about revolutionizing the education system in the country. He envisions an education system where students are assessed on daily assignments instead of end of course exam. He elaborated that instead of memorization its important to provide deeper and personalized learning to students. South Korea has also implemented AI systems which have the tendency to adapt homework according to the learning behvaior and capabilities of each students. These countries are gradually progressing on the path of where the destination is a well educated society enriched with AI literacy while maintaining the dominance of human agency in an automated world.

Standing at fifth in global population ranking, Pakistan is far from achieving SDG targets specifically SDG 4 which aims for Accessible and Quality Education. Despite children being the future of a country, 26 million children in Pakistan are out of schools whereas around half population of women in the country are not able to read or write which is very alarming. It won’t be wrong to say that instead of focusing on bigger things like integration of AI in national curricula, a significant portion of country’s people are still stuck on the debate whether or not to give education to a female child. To bring an educational revolution in Pakistan, not only policies and laws are required but a gradual shift in the mindset is also needed.

Other then this a strict policy is also required at national level for the training of the teachers. This training targeting the teachers should not only focus on their teaching abilities but also on emotional intelligence, which a majority of them lacks or even aware of. The youth of Pakistan is not less than the youth of any other country however they are unfortunate when it comes to progressive policies which is not in their hands. Majority of the students cannot afford education institutions which actually work on AI literacy or emotional intelligence and thus are forced due to their financial constraints in institutions where they are thrown in front of untrained educators who then compel them to memorize without development of any conceptual understanding. It is a tragic sight for me at least to see so many young students lost in this vicious abyss when they deserve a very better environment, all children and students do.

On the occasion of International Day of Education where the world is progressing towards AI Literacy, Pakistan is grappling with the challenge of providing basic education to a large part of its population. It won’t be wrong to say that AI literacy remains a distant dream, or perhaps even an unimaginable concept for countries like Pakistan. However, there is always a silver lining as the efforts of other countries towards AI literacy acts as a strong reminder for Pakistan to take serious steps not only to achieve SDG 4 but also for promoting AI literacy among Pakistani students and teachers.

—

The writer Tayyaba Munir is a law graduate and Youth Ambassador of the FTO Pakistan.

January 24, 2025
Cyber Pandora’s Box

Khadija Kafeel

In today’s interconnected world, national security has ceased to revolve solely around armoured tanks, advanced missiles and formidable fighter jets. A hushed warzone is unfolding where wars are certainly fought, not anymore with guns and conventional weapons, but with malevolent algorithms and programmes.

The dilemma becomes: Is Pakistan geared up and equipped to protect itself in this new nickelodeon of warfare? Unfortunately, the answer is a full-throated no. While we rush headlong into cyber age, Pakistan’s readiness to counter cyber threats continues to be alarmingly insufficient, putting the nation’s crown jewels in jeopardy by exposing them to breaches omnipotent to paralyze its economy, undermine its sovereignty and disrupt the fate of millions.

Imagine opening you eyes one fine day and there is a blackout, banks cannot carry out transactions and the government’s sensitive information has fallen into the clutches of the enemy. This is not a snapshot from the silver screen but an unsettling reality which looms large and nations across the world have often come across.

In 2021, fuel supplies across the East Coast in the USA were halted for approximately five days as a result of a ransomware cyberattack on Colonial Pipeline by a hacker group known as DarkSide. This incident shook one of the world’s most advanced economies. If a powerful nation like the USA is a sitting duck to such nefarious attacks, where do we stand? Can Pakistan manage to pay a ransom to cybercriminals if it falls prey to a large-scale cyberattack? What if our defense systems and critical infrastructure become captives?

Pakistan is no stranger to cyberattacks. The Federal Board of Revenue (FBR) encountered a cyberattack in October 2023, on account of an outdated Microsoft Hyper-V software, resulting in a 72-hour outage of its websites. In addition, the recent power blackout in January 2023 also gives testimony of Pakistan’s power sector’s vulnerability to potential cybersecurity breaches. Pakistan’s banking sector is also in the lion’s den. From January to October 2024, Kaspersky reported a 114 per cent increase in banking and financial malware attacks compared to the same period in the previous year. This is just the tip of the iceberg in an era where states and non-state actors alike have resorted to cyberattacks as a sought-after weapon to bring their sinister objectives to fruition.

Pakistan has made significant progress by elevating its position to the top-tier of the Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) in 2024. Yet the country’s digital susceptibility is akin to leaving the front door wide open and providing an enemy a foothold. The evolving and complex nature of cyber technology necessitates a top-priority adaptive approach, one that is nimble enough to deal with the labyrinth of cyber technology and robust enough to weather the storm of fluxing cyberattacks. Pakistan’s cybersecurity endeavors are hamstrung by a shoestring budget and a skeleton cadre of well-trained professionals.

The incumbent strategies like National Cybersecurity Policy 2021 and Pakistan Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) although well-intentioned and lay the groundwork are often lackluster in their implementation. Moreover, Pakistan allocates a needle in the haystack for its cybersecurity and its commitment towards cybersecurity is akin to patch a leaky roof with a band-aid, too thin to manage the storm of ever-evolving cyber challenges, in contrast to its neighbors who pour billions to shield their digital borders. The country’s digital infrastructure is significantly exposed and its approach to respond to cyberattacks has often been reactive rather than proactive.

The repercussions of cold-shouldering cybersecurity are far-flung. One cyber-attack can block the functioning of the entire country, percolating through the economy, critical infrastructure and national defence, ultimately eroding public trust. Cyber-espionage can disrupt military operations by accessing classified intel and even by exploiting or destroying key technological assets. Our defence systems and once-formidable weapons can be transformed into paperweights by a single perfectly timed strike. Pakistan, embroiled in a tumultuous and fragile political landscape, has already succumbed to disinformation campaigns prevalent on social media fomenting discord and exacerbating existing political and sectarian divisions, making it difficult for denizens to distinguish between the reality and falsehood. Can we choose to gamble with the nations’ stability? After all, in Pakistan, beggars can’t be choosers– inaction and over-caution are luxuries we can’t afford.

As the saying goes “An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”. Pakistan must adopt a proactive and an all-encompassing approach to guard its digital borders. The country should opt for a unified Cyber-Command which can serve as a centralized body integrating all branches of military (Navy, Air Force, Army).

This command would function as an epicentre for supervising cyber operations, strengthening both sword and shield in the dynamic sphere of offensive and defensive cyber warfare, and stand in as a swift-response task force to counteract cyber threats instantaneously. In addition, cyber ranges where recruits can practically pursue cyberwarfare simulations and drills must be developed.

Our military doctrine must fully incorporate cybersecurity to establish a formidable and preemptive cyber deterrence frontline, making a bold statement about Pakistan’s commitment and readiness to protect its physical and virtual borders. Apart from military measures, the country must set an apt and skilled cyber-force as the North Star. Our youth should not only be armed with laptops but with necessary skills to shield the fortress of the homeland in times of need.

A synergistic cooperation between public and private sectors can foment innovation and threat intel sharing. Laws like PECA should be strengthened and new legal frameworks akin to cybersecurity must be adopted, agile enough to keep pace with the fickle terrain of cyberspace. It must also be ensured that implementation of these laws proves to be efficient and seamless, with rapid-response forces always on watch in case of a breach. Pakistan should also spearhead international cybersecurity pursuits and align with countries which can equip us with requisite tools and expertise to advance our digital defence as in an increasingly integrated environment, solo efforts wont bear fruit.

Cybersecurity is not exclusively the onus of the government; it’s a woven tapestry where each and every individual has a duty. The need of the hour goes beyond protection of the systems. Cultivation of a culture of consciousness and vigilance is the pressing requirement.

Our educational curricula should be “cybered”. Educational institutions can play a significant role by incorporating cyber-optimized literacy courses and initiatives. The print and social media can be equally utilized to spread the word about the importance of cybersecurity. A cognizant and vigilant youth would not only make informed decisions but will trailblaze the future of this digital battlefield. Another key aspect is the lack of investment. A skinflinty and overly frugal approach will be the harbinger of devastating consequences. An unforeseen successful cyber strike could drain millions, not to speak of the loss of trust and credibility. Investing in cybersecurity might appear extravagant at the moment but the cost of complacency is going to be much more pronounced.

It’s the beginning of the end. Today, cybersecurity is as important to national security as traditional defence. The world is moving in a new dimension where future wars will be fought in the virtual realm, not on conventional battlegrounds. Pakistan must act promptly or risk falling victim to this hushed battle. Will Pakistan answer the call of duty or will it remain a sitting duck? The countdown has begun and the choice is ours. Let’s pick wisely.

——

The writer can be reached at khadijakafeel@gmail.com

December 31, 2024
Localizing SDG 14: Unlocking Opportunities for the Blue Economy

Dr Shahid Hussain Kamboyo

The oceans, encompassing over 70% of the Earth’s surface, are vital lifelines for biodiversity and economic prosperity. They are reservoirs of opportunities for sustainable development, encapsulated within Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 14: ‘Life Below Water’.

This goal emphasises conserving marine resources while leveraging their potential for economic growth. Central to this ambition is the concept of the Blue Economy, introduced by Gunter Pauli in his 2010 book The Blue Economy: 10 Years, 100 Innovations, 100 Million Jobs. Pauli envisioned oceans as “development spaces”, where conservation aligns with the sustainable use of resources.

The World Bank defines the Blue Economy as “the sustainable use of ocean resources for economic growth, improved livelihoods, and jobs while preserving the health of ocean ecosystems”. Similarly, the European Commission describes it as encompassing “all economic activities related to oceans, seas, and coasts, including fisheries, aquaculture, maritime transport, and renewable energy”.

This vision encompasses fisheries, aquaculture, maritime shipping, renewable ocean energy, coastal tourism and marine biotechnology. According to a World Bank report, globally, the Blue Economy generates around $2.3 trillion annually, contributing to food security, poverty eradication and climate change mitigation.

According to FAO, marine ecosystems are integral to global well-being. Oceans provide sustenance to over three billion people, with fish accounting for 16% of the global animal protein supply. Livelihoods for 660 to 820 million people rely on fisheries and aquaculture, with women playing a critical role, particularly in fish processing, where they hold up to 90% of jobs. Furthermore, the World Bank report says that oceans absorb 25% of anthropogenic CO2 emissions, with “blue carbon” sinks such as mangroves and seagrasses proving five times more effective than tropical forests at sequestering carbon.

For Pakistan, the Blue Economy is an untapped frontier. With a 1,046 km coastline and a vast Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) by the Arabian Sea, Pakistan’s maritime potential remains largely underutilised. The maritime sector contributes only 2.4% of GDP, as per the Pakistan Economic Survey 2023 – 2024, with fisheries exports at just $450 million annually. In contrast, regional peers earn billions from marine resources. Estimates suggest Pakistan could generate over $100 billion annually from its Blue Economy with the right strategies (World Bank Group report). However, Pakistan’s marine economy faces several challenges.

Overfishing, habitat degradation, pollution and unregulated coastal development hinder sustainability. Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing exacerbates the problem, with global losses estimated at $10 to 22 billion annually as per the FAO Report. Climate change, including rising sea levels, coastal erosion and ocean acidification, further threatens livelihoods and ecosystems. Fragmented governance structures and inadequate infrastructure add to these issues.

Despite these hurdles, opportunities abound for Pakistan to leverage its marine potential. Examples from Morocco, Indonesia and Oman highlight the impact of governance reforms and targeted investments. Morocco, backed by the World Bank, developed its aquaculture sector, creating rural jobs, especially for women. Indonesia employs mobile technologies to monitor fisheries, improving biodiversity conservation. Oman’s fisheries management is a benchmark for balancing ecology and economic growth.

To realise its Blue Economy potential, Pakistan must implement a comprehensive approach. Reforms like Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) and marine spatial planning can align conservation with economic activities. Clear policies and tenure rights can empower communities to adopt sustainable practices. Digital tools for maritime mapping and data-driven monitoring can improve decision-making and resource management. Public-private partnerships in fisheries, renewable energy and marine biotechnology can foster innovation and economic diversification while attracting needed capital.

Pakistan’s scenic beaches, such as Gwadar and Kund Malir, have immense potential for eco-tourism. Investments in infrastructure, conservation and community engagement can attract global visitors and preserve natural habitats. Small-scale fishers and women in supply chains must be prioritised through policies and capacity-building programmes to ensure equitable access to resources and inclusive growth. Regional cooperation to address shared issues like illegal fishing and marine pollution can also drive collective progress. Empowering coastal communities is central to the Blue Economy. Small-scale fishers, often the most impacted by resource degradation, must have a role in governance and decision-making. This not only ensures equity but also enhances compliance with sustainable practices.

Globally, fisheries rebuilding efforts are more successful when local stakeholders are involved. Pakistan’s reliance on maritime transportation for 95% of its imports and exports underscores the strategic importance of coastal infrastructure (Pakistan Economic Survey 2023-24). Modernising ports and improving logistics can make Pakistan a regional maritime hub, boosting trade efficiency. Renewable ocean energy projects, like tidal and wave energy, can help address Pakistan’s energy crisis while cutting carbon emissions.

Protecting mangroves and coastal ecosystems is crucial for carbon sequestration and climate resilience. Declining mangrove cover threatens biodiversity and causes economic losses exceeding $4 billion annually, as seen in Belize. Restoring these habitats can deliver ecological and economic benefits.
The oceans are Pakistan’s gateway to sustainable development. Localising SDG 14 and embracing the Blue Economy, Pakistan can transform its marine resources into a foundation for economic growth and environmental stewardship. Visionary leadership, innovative governance and a commitment to sustainability are essential to secure Pakistan’s maritime future, set a global example and ensure its oceans remain a source of life and livelihood for generations to come.

—

The writer has a PhD in Public Administration and an LLM from Singapore Management University. He can be reached at drshahidhussainkamboyo@gmail.com

December 24, 2024
Young Shaping Minds: The Power of Positive Reinforcement

Shanza Shadab

The way we shape our children behavior goes beyond just teaching them right from wrong .The way we respond to their actions -whether bad or good -plays a profound role in cultivating their habits and values.

When we positively reinforce good actions, such as helping others, we encourage empathy. Conversely, by appreciating bad actions regardless of their lasting consequences we support risky future behavior.

A Canadian-American psychologist Albert Bandura’ Bobo doll experiment was a series of studies that demonstrated how children learn behaviors by observing adults. Bandura emphasized that human beings are weird to learn with the initiation of learning process at very young age by illustrating a Bobo doll experiment that unravels the impact of keen observation, attention and imitation on child behavior.

He performed experiment with the school going children of age 3 to 6 to explain and predict how they learn from others. A person (called Model) performed some behavior (actions) in front of children. The entire sample of students was divided in 3 groups.

Aggressive model:His behavior was shouting, beating and throwing away the doll. Non-Aggressive model: 2nd group of observed the model playing with the doll and behaving in cool and calm state. No model: 3^rd group did not observe model.

All those children were placed consecutively in a separate room full of toys including Bobo doll. The striking results were found as: 1^st Group: They observed, recorded and retrieved the same aggressive behavior towards the doll. Their behavior showed hostility, shouting and physical violence. 2^nd Group: They were not aggressive. They played calmly with toys. 3^rd Group: They were also playing like normal kids with least aggressive behavior.

While conducting experiment he added another perspective of punishment and reward. Punishment referred to any stimuli given to reduce the unwanted behavior. For example the model was scolded on ruthless attitude. Reward was something pleasant given to encourage morality like the model was appreciated or given a candy for being sensible.

Aggressive model and punishment: The adult model was punished on aggressive behavior towards the doll. Those children who observed the model being punished didn’t behave aggressively towards the doll.

Non-Aggressive behavior and reward: When model played peacefully with the doll he was awarded for being ethical .The children observing such situation were more likely to imitate this behavior.

This Bandura’s Bobo doll research shows that the environment shapes the behavior of children. They learn from social figures around them. The more the model is an influential figure (like mother, father, teacher, movie hero, cartoon character), the more the chances of imitation of his behavior. Moreover, those behaviors that are reinforced positively are more likely to happen again and those who are punished on their unacceptable behavior become cautious for their next move.

Enroll small gestures in your daily affairs, like giving a candy to a child who shares his toys with siblings, thanking others to guide you and seeking permission before taking a picture with somebody. When our children will see us doing such fruitful activities then they will be a better person in themselves.

Sometimes we mimic the behavior of our near ones unconsciously .We experience our children behaving like us or like their favorite figures. Consider a boy of 6 years watching cartoons attentively in which the main character (model) is showing power by beating his enemies. The behavior of the model is retained in boy’s mind because he admires that cartoon character. In this case, power means aggressiveness, hostility, physical violence and shouting to him. The child when bullied at school will see the teaser as his enemy. He will imitate his favorite powerful cartoon model to cope up the situation. His behavior will show aggressiveness and hostility towards the bullies due to the phenomena of close observation, retention and imitation explained by Bandura.

Likewise, a child who is observing her father fighting and arguing with her mother will learn that behavior is acceptable and applicable to become dominant. In contrast, if she sees her father behaving in a good manner even on some setbacks of her mother, she will learn to forgive. Being humble and kind on the grey areas of others will be the part of her adulthood personality.

Taking into account a student who joined late but excelled in final exams is being appreciated by professors for his consistency. This positive reinforcement and encouragement will bring mind blowing outcomes in his educational journey. He will become more curious to quench his thirst of learning. Similarly, a student who struggled but improved greatly after adapting teacher’s teaching methods, should be appreciated. If he does not get the social appreciation he will lose interest in the learning process.

The need of the hour is to bring adaptation in our behavior to shape the behaviors of upcoming youth. Bandura’s research facilitates us in every field like parenting, teaching and official management. We should be aware of our behaviors, thinking and sayings.

Staying humble and gentle will bring inner satisfaction making innovations in our children’s actions. The point to be pondered is that our little struggle can make a huge difference. We have to play our role to make this society and world a better place to live in .Our one action and normative behavior can be clicked in someone’s mind making him a responsible citizen too.

Enroll small gestures in your daily affairs, like giving a candy to a child who shares his toys with siblings, thanking others to guide you and seeking permission before taking a picture with somebody. When our children will see us doing such fruitful activities then they will be a better person in themselves.

Enroll small gestures in your daily affairs, like giving a candy to a child who shares his toys with siblings, thanking others to guide you and seeking permission before taking a picture with somebody. When our children will see us doing such fruitful activities then they will be a better person in themselves.

—

The writer is an undergraduate student in Psychology and can be reached at shanzashadab@yahoo.com

December 21, 2024
Muzzled Voices

At any given moment, public opinion is a chaos of superstition, misinformation and prejudice. – Gore Vidal

The proposed amendments to the Prevention of Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) in Pakistan have sparked significant debate. The government aims to introduce stricter penalties for spreading fake news, including up to five years in prison and a fine of up to Rs1 million. Additionally, defamation will be made a non-bailable offence, and a new regulatory authority, the Digital Rights Protection Authority (DRPA), will be established to regulate online content and restrict access to social media platforms. The amendments also propose regulations for social media platforms, with the goal of protecting national security and public order by regulating online content, including the spread of fake news and hate speech. However, concerns have been raised about the potential misuse of PECA for victimising political opponents and their digital supporters.

While the amendments aim to address concerns around fake news and hate speech, they also raise concerns about censorship, freedom of expression and the potential for misuse. The definition of fake news will always remain in the grey area in a country like Pakistan. Turning false to fake and fake to false will serve as a potent weapon of the executive arm of the government.

Realistically viewing, the proliferation of false and fake news has become a pressing concern for civilised nations worldwide. The dissemination of misinformation can have far-reaching consequences, eroding trust in institutions, manipulating public opinion, and even inciting violence. As such, it is essential to differentiate between false and fake news, and to examine the legal and ethical implications of each.

False news refers to inaccurate or misleading information that is spread unintentionally. This can occur due to errors in reporting, misunderstandings, or the dissemination of outdated information. False news can be corrected through fact-checking, retractions and apologies.

On the other hand, fake news refers to deliberately fabricated information designed to deceive or manipulate the public. Fake news is often spread with malicious intent, such as to influence elections, discredit opponents, or promote propaganda. Fake news is a more insidious phenomenon, as it can be difficult to distinguish from genuine news.

From a legal perspective, civilised nations have implemented various measures to combat fake news. For instance, many countries have enacted laws against defamation, libel and slander, which can be used to prosecute individuals or organisations that spread fake news. Additionally, some nations have established regulatory bodies to monitor and fact-check news content.

However, the regulation of fake news raises complex ethical concerns. On one hand, governments have a responsibility to protect their citizens from misinformation. On the other hand, over-regulation can infringe upon freedom of speech and the press. Civilised nations must strike a delicate balance between protecting the public from fake news and preserving the fundamental rights of citizens to express themselves freely.

Ultimately, the differentiation between false and fake news requires a subtle understanding of the complexities involved. While false news can be corrected through fact-checking and retractions, fake news demands a more robust response, including legal and regulatory measures. As civilised nations counter the challenges posed by misinformation, they must prioritise both the protection of their citizens and the preservation of fundamental freedoms.

A verse by Faiz comes readily to mind when the freedom of expression demands courage and sacrifice for breaking the shackles.

Mata e loh o qalam chhin gaee to kya gham hai;

Keh khon e dil mai dabo li hain ungliyan hum nai

The writer Haroon Rashid Siddiqi is a retired Pakistani professional currently based in Milton, Canada

December 7, 2024
Child Abuse at Work

Saira Samo

The suffering of child workers, especially in domestic households, is a harsh reminder of society’s failure to protect its most vulnerable members.

In Pakistan, many children face severe physical and mental abuse, with their pain often hidden beneath layers of social inequality and apathy. The tragic stories of Rizwana, a 14-year-old girl employed as a domestic caregiver, and Fatima Furiro, a young girl working in the house of a family in Khairpur, who faced physical torment – leading to death in Fatima’s case captured media attention.

However, many similar incidents go unnoticed as families fear losing their honour and social standing. This inhumane treatment demands strict laws and regulations to address the exploitation of child domestic workers.

Children aged between 10 and 15 often work in homes to support their families’ meager incomes. Instead of finding safety, they are met with cruelty. Two such cases stand out: Rizwana and Fatima, whose life was in misery. These examples are part of a much larger problem that requires immediate action.

Child labour in households exposes children to various forms of abuse, including overwork, starvation, physical punishment, and even sexual assault. Tragically, the perpetrators are often those who are meant to care for or employ these children.

The broader crisis of child sexual abuse further reflects the disturbing reality of our society. Reports estimate that over 12 million children in Pakistan are victims of child labour, with many at risk of sexual violence. Such abuse is not confined to poor or rural areas but occurs everywhere, including urban centres. Although laws like the Zainab Alert, Response and Recovery Act offer some hope, their slow implementation accentuates a lack of commitment from authorities.

Statistics alone cannot capture the trauma these children endure. Many families remain silent, fearing backlash or shame. This silence not only shields the abusers but also deepens the vulnerability of victims. Without addressing these societal barriers, legal protections will continue to fall short.

The roots of child exploitation in Pakistan are tied to poverty, illiteracy and patriarchal systems. Cultural norms treat domestic workers, especially children, as inferior and undeserving of rights. This power imbalance silences their cries for help and allows abusers to escape accountability.

Social media has brought some cases to light, sparking public outrage and calls for justice. However, the impact of online activism is often short-lived. Without sustained action from the government and society, these efforts risk becoming hollow displays of concern.

A comprehensive approach is necessary to combat this crisis. First, the government must enforce stricter laws against child labour and abuse, ensuring swift justice and severe punishment for offenders. Child protection services, including helplines and shelters, must be strengthened and made accessible nationwide.

Second, awareness campaigns should educate communities about the dangers of child labour and abuse. Families need to understand the importance of protecting their children. Schools and community centres should also teach children about their rights and how to report abuse.

Third, poverty alleviation programmes must address the root causes of child labour. Financial support and vocational training for low-income families can reduce their reliance on their children’s earnings.

Finally, proper coordination between the government, NGOs and international organisations can prove the linchpin. NGOs already play a key role in rescuing and rehabilitating child victims, but their efforts need more support to create lasting change. These efforts can enhance child protection measures and make certain sustainable reforms.

The stories of Rizwana and Fatima must not be forgotten. They are painful reminders of how society has failed its children. It is time to break the chains of exploitation and ensure every child grows up in safety and dignity. Without meaningful steps, we risk failing yet another generation of our children.

==

The writer is an educationist based in Larkana. She can be reached at sairasamo88@gmail.com

December 2, 2024
Localisation of SDG 16 – Opportunities for Justice Sector

Dr Shahid Hussain Kamboyo

Pakistan’s justice sector faces deep challenges, including severe case backlogs, high costs, pervasive corruption and limited accessibility, all eroding public trust.

These issues contribute to Pakistan’s low rank on the World Justice Project’s Rule of Law Index, highlighting the need for meaningful reform. The Sustainable Development Goal 16 (SDG 16), which promotes peace, justice and strong institutions, offers a pathway for Pakistan to revamp its justice system by adapting these principles to local needs. The localisation of SDG 16 would involve reforms that make justice accessible, transparent, affordable and efficient. This approach draws from global best practices while exploring technologies like blockchain to ensure transparency and accountability. By addressing these core issues, Pakistan can work toward restoring public confidence in its justice sector.

Pakistan’s justice system has millions of pending cases, some unresolved for years. High legal costs and procedural delays deter many citizens from seeking justice. To make justice accessible, Pakistan could establish local courts and community-based mediation centres in rural and underserved areas, inspired by Bangladesh’s village courts and India’s Lok Adalats. These local courts would resolve minor disputes quickly, bringing “justice to the doorstep”, easing burdens on higher courts, and offering citizens timely resolutions close to home.

Digitalisation can further provide “justice in the palm”. India’s e-courts allow citizens to access case statuses, schedules and judgments online, reducing the need for in-person visits. Pakistan could adopt a similar system, creating a mobile app or online platform enabling citizens to monitor cases, submit documents and even attend virtual hearings. For those without internet access, SMS-based updates or kiosks at community centers could serve as alternative access points, making the justice system more user-friendly.

Blockchain technology offers an additional layer of transparency and security. Through the application of blockchain to store tamper-proof records of land ownership, legal documents and court proceedings, Pakistan could address common issues such as land disputes and forgery. Blockchain’s immutable records would provide secure, verifiable ownership data, limiting opportunities for fraud and reducing reliance on corrupt intermediaries.

Nepal provides a strong model for transparency and accountability in its justice sector. It established anonymous reporting channels and oversight bodies to address judicial corruption. Pakistan could adopt similar measures, implementing reporting channels that allow citizens to report misconduct safely and oversight committees to monitor judicial practices. Mexico’s digital case-tracking system, which allows citizens to track their cases in real-time, is another model worth emulating. A blockchain-based case-tracking system in Pakistan would give citizens visibility into case progress and deter corruption, building public confidence.

Singapore’s efficient justice system is an example of digital innovation to improve judicial processes. Through its electronic litigation platform, Singapore enables citizens to file cases, access documents and participate in hearings online, drastically reducing processing times. Singapore has also introduced AI for case management, assigning cases by complexity and automating tasks. A similar approach in Pakistan would streamline case management and allocate resources effectively, helping to clear backlogs and restore public faith in timely justice.

High legal costs in Pakistan prevent many from accessing the justice system. Establishing Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) centres, as seen in Ghana, could provide affordable pathways for conflict resolution. Blockchain could support ADR by creating a secure digital platform for negotiations and settlements, allowing citizens to resolve disputes without extensive court involvement. This would be especially useful in rural areas with limited formal legal infrastructure. Legal literacy is another critical element of justice reform. In Pakistan, many citizens are unaware of their legal rights and resources. Sri Lanka has successfully partnered with NGOs to run legal awareness campaigns in local languages, helping citizens understand their rights and engage with the justice system. Pakistan could adopt similar campaigns, using radio, social media and community workshops to educate the public. Blockchain could also support this by providing secure, verified information about cases, rights and resources, empowering citizens to navigate the system confidently.

International organisations such as UNDP, World Bank and Transparency International bring valuable expertise and resources for justice reform. Pakistan can collaborate with these organisations for technical assistance, funding and training on digital platforms and blockchain technology. Such partnerships would enhance Pakistan’s reform efforts, aligning its justice system with global standards and bolstering public confidence in the reforms.

Localising SDG 16 presents Pakistan with an opportunity to create a justice sector that is accessible, transparent and trusted. Drawing inspiration from Bangladesh, India, Nepal, Mexico, Ghana, Sri Lanka and Singapore, Pakistan can adopt proven models and integrate modern technologies to meet its unique needs. Implementing local courts, digital platforms, blockchain, ADR centres and legal literacy campaigns would deliver justice closer to citizens, whether at their doorstep or in the palm of their hand. Each reform uniquely builds public trust. Local courts and ADR centres make justice affordable and expedite dispute resolutions, showing citizens that justice is inclusive and accessible. Digital and blockchain systems increase transparency, giving the public insight into the judicial process and holding officials accountable. Legal literacy campaigns empower citizens, fostering confidence in the justice system.

A just society is grounded in a justice system that is fair, timely and accessible. By aligning with SDG 16 and addressing Pakistan’s specific needs, the justice sector can restore public trust, strengthen the rule of law and create a system that citizens can rely on. This journey toward an inclusive, modern justice system is crucial to Pakistan’s progress, establishing a foundation for a peaceful, fair society where justice is available to all.

—

The writer has a PhD in Public Administration and an LLM from Singapore Management University Singapore. Email: kamboyoshahid@gmail.com

December 1, 2024
Empowering Youth

As a law student and an active member of the Youth Parliament Pakistan, I always believe in power and capicity of youth to play role as social change actor in society. It was with this mindset that I attended the recent session of the Youth Parliament Pakistan on the 22^nd and 23^rd of November 2024, held at the historic Old Hall of the Punjab Assembly in Lahore.

This session provided me with a unique and invaluable opportunity to engage with some of the most experienced and distinguished political figures of the region. The discussions, which took place in the Old Hall where MPA’s once used to do Legislation on important matters.

A Platform for Youth Engagement: One of the most striking aspects of the session was the willingness of the panelists to listen to the voices of youth, and to engage in meaningful discussions about the challenges facing Pakistan. We discussed everything about Violent Extremism and how to tackle it. As a representative of NA 145 Pakpattan in the Youth Parliament, I felt a deep sense of responsibility to bring the concerns of my constituency to the table. Our discussion with MPA Chaudhary Javed Ahmad focused on the specific challenges faced by our communities, including access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. We also discussed the potential of youth to influence positive change, especially when given the right platforms to express their ideas.

Learning from Experienced Politicians: The interaction with Parliamentary Secretary Sonia Asher was particularly enlightening. She spoke about the importance of non-Muslims representation in politics and governance, emphasizing the need for gender-sensitive policies that promote equality and justice. Her insights into the struggles and successes of women in the political arena were not only motivational but also gave me a clearer understanding of the complex dynamics of policymaking.

Faiza Ahmad Malik, a former member of the Provincial Assembly of Punjab, shared her experiences of navigating the intricacies of provincial politics. Her reflections on how youth can actively participate in legislative processes were particularly insightful. She highlighted the importance of understanding legal frameworks and the need for young leaders to be well-versed in governance and policy issues.

A Call for Youth-Centric Policies: The session also underscored the urgent need for youth-centric policies in Pakistan. Our generation faces many challenges, from unemployment and underrepresentation to a lack of opportunities for civic engagement. It is crucial that we, as youth, not only advocate for these issues but also take concrete steps toward creating solutions. The Youth Parliament Pakistan provides a platform for such initiatives, offering a space for us to discuss, debate, and shape policies that will affect the future of our nation. The dialogue with the assembly panelists was a powerful reminder that young people are not just the leaders of tomorrow, but are also the change-makers of today. With platforms like the Youth Parliament Pakistan, we can develop our leadership skills, gain a deeper understanding of political processes, and work towards solutions for the challenges our society faces. Attending the Youth Parliament Pakistan session at the Old Hall of the Punjab Assembly was an eye-opening experience that has reinforced my belief in the power of youth to bring about meaningful change. As we continue to face political, social, and economic challenges, it is imperative that the voices of young people are heard and valued. Through platforms such as the Youth Parliament, we can build a future that reflects the aspirations and potential of Pakistan’s youth.

—

Mohid Jamil – the writer is student at School of Law Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad – Pakistan and can be reached at mohidjamil5@gmail.com

November 30, 2024
Are Natural Resources A Dowry?

Dr Syed Akhtar Ali Shah

Addressing cadets in Kohat recently, the DG ISPR remarked that the province’s natural resources are not the PTM’s “birthright or dowry”. This statement sparked intense discussions, raising questions about the ownership and distribution of natural resources in Pakistan.
It is vital to analyse this issue through the lens of Pakistan’s constitution and legal framework. Pakistan operates as a federal democracy governed by a Constitution that dictates the resolution of disputes and the fair distribution of resources among the federation and its constituent provinces. State officials are constitutionally mandated to act within the law, adhering to established rules and procedures.
The constitutional framework: Pakistan’s Constitution provides a robust mechanism for the distribution of resources. For decades, successive governments have acknowledged the longstanding grievances of the K-P government regarding payments owed on net hydel profit, which now exceed one trillion rupees. Similarly, K-P’s demands for royalties on gas, LPG and oil remain unresolved.
A crucial constitutional provision is Article 172(3), which stipulates joint ownership of minerals, oil and gas between the federal and provincial governments. This clause explicitly states: “Subject to the existing commitments and obligations, minerals, oil, and gas within the province or the territorial water adjacent thereto shall vest jointly and equally in that province and the federal government.”
Unfortunately, the federal government has yet to implement this article fully. Neither have rules of business been framed to operationalise it, nor have the Petroleum Policy 2012 and Rules 2013 been amended accordingly. This delay undermines constitutional obligations and exacerbates provincial grievances.
Revenue disputes: Oil and gas revenues are another contentious area. K-P and Sindh have jointly proposed imposing a FED on locally produced crude oil, suggesting a levy of Rs1,000 per barrel. If implemented, this would generate approximately Rs12 billion annually for K-P. However, the federal government has resisted this proposal, leaving it languishing with the Council of Common Interests.
The Constitution provides a clear framework for such revenue sharing. Article 161(1)(b) states: “The net proceeds of the Federal Duty of Excise on oil levied at well-head and collected by the federal government shall not form part of the Federal Consolidated Fund and shall be paid to the province in which the well-head of oil is situated.”
Despite this, the federal government has shown reluctance to levy excise duty on crude oil, depriving provinces like K-P of their rightful revenues. The K-P government has argued that reducing the petroleum levy or the 56% GST on petroleum products could offset this duty, but federal authorities remain unresponsive.
Provincial rights and federal obligations: The framers of the Constitution intended to empower provinces through fiscal decentralisation. Article 161(1)(b) explicitly transfers the subject of oil royalty collection to the provinces, emphasising their residual legislative powers. Similarly, Article 172(3) requires joint regulatory control over oil and gas resources. However, this constitutional mandate necessitates amendments to outdated federal laws such as the Regulation of Mines and Oilfields and Mineral Development (Government Control) Act, 1948, which currently vests disproportionate control in the federal government.
The 18th Amendment further enhanced provincial autonomy by increasing the provincial share in the NFC Award from 47.5% to 57.5%. The award also introduced a new formula for resource distribution, incorporating factors such as poverty, revenue generation and inverse population density, alongside population size.
Despite these advances, there has been a prolonged stalemate over subsequent NFC awards. Since the 7th NFC Award, the federal government has failed to finalise the 8th, 9th, 10th or 11th NFC Awards, undermining the principles of fiscal federalism enshrined in the Constitution.
K-P’s financial challenges: The financial burden on K-P has grown significantly, particularly after the merger of FATA with the province. This merger necessitates revisiting the 7th NFC Award to adjust the provincial share from 14.62% to 19.6%. However, no progress has been made in this regard.
Article 160 of the Constitution obligates the President to convene the NFC every five years to determine a new resource distribution formula. Failure to adhere to this requirement has left provinces like K-P struggling to meet their financial needs, deepening mistrust between the federation and the provinces.
Net hydel profit: The issue of net hydel profit remains a sore point. Article 161(2) of the Constitution provides a clear mechanism for calculating and disbursing this profit to provinces hosting hydroelectric projects. It states: “The net profits earned by the federal government, or any undertaking established or administered by the federal government from the bulk generation of power at a hydroelectric station shall be paid to the province in which the hydroelectric station is situated.”
Successive federal governments have promised to resolve this issue, even signing MoUs with the K-P government. Yet, meaningful progress has been elusive. According to K-P budget white papers, the AGN Qazi formula an agreed mechanism for determining net hydel profit remains unimplemented, perpetuating financial inequities.
A constitutional imperative: The Constitution’s fiscal provisions, including Articles 151 to 158, 160, 161, and 172, establish a clear framework for revenue sharing and resource management. They enshrine the principle that royalties, profits, and other revenues derived from natural resources are the constitutional rights of provinces where these resources are located.
The 7th NFC Award further solidifies this principle. It stipulates that provincial shares in oil and gas revenues should be calculated based on average rates per MMBTU, incorporating both royalty and development surcharge components. However, these provisions remain inadequately implemented, depriving K-P and other provinces of billions in rightful revenues.
Moving forward: The ongoing debate over natural resources highlights the urgent need for constitutional adherence. Oil and gas are not a “dowry” for any individual or group; they are jointly owned assets of the provinces and the federal government, as explicitly stated in the Constitution.
The federal government must prioritise:
Implementing Article 172(3) by framing necessary rules and amending outdated laws.
Resolving disputes over net hydel profit and ensuring payments under the AGN Qazi formula.
Finalising the long-delayed NFC Awards to address provincial financial grievances.
Levying excise duty on crude oil and redistributing revenues fairly, in accordance with Article 161(1)(b).
In conclusion, natural resources are a shared inheritance, not a dowry. Their equitable management is essential for fostering trust and unity in a diverse federation like Pakistan.

—

The author is a former Secretary to Government, Home & Tribal Affairs Department and a retired IG. He holds a PhD in Political Science and currently heads a think tank ‘Good Governance Forum’. He can be reached at aashah77@yahoo.com

November 27, 2024
Why Nations Fail

Saira Samo

The question of why nations fail is central to understanding their history. Is it the result of flawed policies, a discontented population, or something deeper?

Nations often fail because of economic, political and historical factors that centralise power and wealth among elites while neglecting the broader population’s needs. Nations that embrace fairness advance, whereas those that restrict it stagnate.

In Pakistan’s case, instability, power consolidation and economic mismanagement are structural issues. A key factor in national failure is the lack of stable political institutions, where governance is controlled by a few elites. These institutions often serve the interests of the few, leading to decisions that benefit their power and wealth whereas ignoring the well-being of the majority. When those in power prioritise self-preservation over national growth, policies become exploitative.

Another contributing factor is the extractive nature of economic institutions, which transfer wealth from the majority to a privileged minority, weakening the overall economy. Pakistan’s agricultural and industrial sectors, which employ a large portion of the population, suffer from poor policies that leave small farmers and labourers dependent on powerful elites. These groups often lack rights and protections. Instead of promoting equal opportunities, Pakistan’s economy has frequently favoured established groups, making it difficult for marginalised communities to escape poverty.

Political instability contributes to national failure. Pakistan’s history stands witness to the disruption caused by military coups, political infighting and instability, all of which have impeded long-term planning. Frequent changes in governance disrupt policy continuity, with development programmes often abandoned or restructured by successive administrations. This inconsistency undermines domestic confidence and weakens international credibility, affecting foreign investment and aid, both decisive for developing nations.

Pakistan’s challenges are compounded by a lack of investment in education and human capital. Without a skilled workforce, Pakistan’s industries face difficulty competing globally, leaving the nation increasingly reliant on sectors with limited growth potential. Youth, who comprise a major portion of the population – 63% as per a 2024 report – face limited opportunities, prompting many to seek better prospects abroad. This brain drain thwarts national development.

Corruption is another major impediment to progress, undermining public trust in institutions and diverting resources meant for development into private hands. Pakistan ranks 133rd out of 180 countries on Transparency International’s 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index. Corruption affects all levels of governance. Public funds intended for infrastructure, healthcare and other critical sectors are often misused. This not only drains resources but also disheartens citizens and discourages public participation.

Economic diversification is for sustainable growth. Pakistan’s over-reliance on sectors like agriculture and textiles, which are vulnerable to market fluctuations, impedes progress. Without investment in technology, IT, renewable energy and advanced manufacturing, the country struggles to create high-value jobs and expand its markets. Nations that fail to diversify are left behind in a technology-driven world.

The culmination of these factors – exclusionary political and economic institutions, political instability, lack of investment in education, corruption and failure to reform – has resulted in poverty and underdevelopment that are difficult to overcome. Pakistan’s leadership often focuses on short-term gains rather than addressing the structural issues that cost progress. To move toward prosperity, Pakistan must prioritise building strong institutions, investing in education and healthcare, and diversifying its economy to withstand global challenges. Nations succeed when they enable their citizens to participate fully in economic and political life.

—

The writer is an educationist based in Larkana. She can be reached at sairasamo88@gmail.com

November 25, 2024

Open chat

1

Hello
Can we help you?